:root{--ground:#fcfdff;--porcelain:#fcfdff;--porcelain-quiet:#f9fafb;--sky:#f7f8fa;--sky-border:#e6e8ec;--ink:#1d2025;--ink-2:#4a5160;--muted:#677080;--rule:#e6e8ec;--field-border:#d3d7de;--field-border-hover:#aab1bd;--field-edge:#7d8595;--field-edge-hover:#687183;--tint:#f2f4f7;--tint-hover:#eaedf1;--go:#2563eb;--go-hover:#1d4ed8;--go-lip:transparent;--on-go:#fbfcff;--ok:#16a34a;--ok-soft:#eaf7ee;--ok-ink:#166534;--blue:#2563eb;--blue-ink:#1d4ed8;--blue-soft:#eef3ff;--blue-border:#c9d7fd;--blue-soft-hover:#e2eafe;--amber:#fbbf24;--amber-ink:#1d2025;--line-primary:#f08c00;--line-middle:#a26be6;--line-secondary:#3d7ddb;--error:#c62520;--error-surface:#ffeceb;--error-border:#ffb2b0;--enamel:var(--ink);--on-enamel:#fbfcff;--on-enamel-2:var(--ink-2);--enamel-rule:var(--rule);--hue-default:#5c5c5c;--hue-math:#1cb0f6;--hue-calculator:#4b6cb7;--hue-physics:#8a5ae6;--hue-science:#58cc02;--hue-arabic:#ff7a00;--hue-french:#2b70f0;--hue-english:#ff4b8b;--hue-history:#e0a100;--hue-islamic:#00b89c;--hue-civic:#6b5cff;--hue-computing:#00a7d6;--hue-amazigh:#ffb100;--hue-philosophy:#b25cff;--hue-art:#ff4b4b;--hue-music:#d14bff;--hue-sport:#ff6a2b;--hue-book:#6b6b6b;--shadow-ink:#101828;--shadow-hairline:0 1px 2px #1018280f;--shadow-pop:0 12px 28px #1018281f;--shadow-lift:0 6px 16px -8px #10182829;--on-ink-soft:#fbfcff2e;--display:"Inter", "Noto Sans Arabic", system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;--arabic:"Noto Sans Arabic", Tahoma, sans-serif;--body:"Inter", "Noto Sans Arabic", system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;--gutter:40px;--container:1200px;--radius-sheet:14px;--radius-control:10px;--lip:0px;--dur:.14s;--ease-out:cubic-bezier(.16, 1, .3, 1);--nav-height:68px;--background:var(--ground);--surface:var(--porcelain);--text:var(--ink);--border:var(--rule);--accent:var(--go);--accent-hover:var(--go-hover);--accent-ink:var(--on-go);--viewer-surface:var(--porcelain-quiet);--viewer-backdrop:#1d2025b3;--lightningcss-light:initial;--lightningcss-dark: ;color-scheme:light}@media (max-width:60rem){:root{--gutter:24px}}@media (max-width:40rem){:root{--gutter:16px;--nav-height:60px}}
*,:before,:after{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-padding-top:calc(var(--nav-height) + 24px);scrollbar-color:var(--field-border) var(--porcelain-quiet);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;overflow-x:clip}body{background:var(--ground);min-height:100dvh;color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--body);font-feature-settings:"cv11", "ss03";-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;caret-color:var(--blue);flex-direction:column;margin:0;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.55;display:flex;overflow-x:clip}::selection{background:var(--blue-soft);color:var(--ink)}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:2px}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}p{text-wrap:pretty;margin:0}h1,h2,h3{color:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-wrap:balance;min-width:0;font-family:var(--display);letter-spacing:-.02em;font-synthesis:none;margin:0;font-weight:650;line-height:1.15}h3{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3}:lang(ar){font-family:var(--arabic);letter-spacing:0}:lang(ar) h1,:lang(ar) h2,h1 :lang(ar),h2 :lang(ar){letter-spacing:0}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}svg{flex-shrink:0;display:block}ul,ol{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}button,input,select,textarea{font:inherit;color:inherit}button,select{cursor:pointer}button{background:0 0;border:0}button,a,input,select{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}[hidden]{display:none!important}.num{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums lining-nums}.sr-only{clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,:before,:after{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition-duration:.01ms!important;animation-duration:.01ms!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important}}
@font-face{font-family:Inter;src:url(../media/inter-latin.0gsaq8ukbf34m.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Inter;src:url(../media/inter-latin-ext.3gdi_th3seg1n.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+100-2BA,U+2BD-2C5,U+2C7-2CC,U+2CE-2D7,U+2DD-2FF,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C4,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Noto Sans Arabic;src:url(../media/noto-sans-arabic-arabic.30bz475acv3ru.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+6??,U+750-77F,U+870-891,U+897-8E1,U+8E3-8FF,U+200C-200E,U+2010-2011,U+204F,U+2E41,U+FB50-FDFF,U+FE70-FE74,U+FE76-FEFC}
.site-header{z-index:50;background:var(--porcelain);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);position:sticky;top:0}.header-inner{max-width:var(--container);height:var(--nav-height);padding-inline:var(--gutter);align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-inline:auto;display:flex}.brand img{width:144px;height:auto}.tagline{border-inline-start:1px solid var(--rule);color:var(--ink-2);padding-inline-start:16px;font-weight:600}.header-nav{margin-inline-start:auto}.nav-link{min-height:38px;color:var(--ink-2);transition:background var(--dur) var(--ease-out);border-radius:8px;align-items:center;padding-inline:12px;font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:500;display:inline-flex}.nav-link:hover{background:var(--tint);color:var(--ink)}.lang-switch{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:var(--radius-control);gap:2px;padding:3px;display:flex}.lang-switch a{min-width:34px;height:30px;color:var(--muted);border-radius:7px;place-items:center;padding-inline:8px;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;display:grid}.lang-switch a:hover{color:var(--ink);background:var(--tint)}.lang-switch a.active{background:var(--blue-soft);color:var(--blue-ink)}.page{flex:1;padding-block:48px 80px}.container{max-width:var(--container);padding-inline:var(--gutter);margin-inline:auto}.site-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--sky);color:var(--muted);font-size:.875rem}.footer-inner{max-width:var(--container);padding:24px var(--gutter);flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;margin-inline:auto;display:flex}.footer-inner a{color:var(--ink-2);font-weight:500}.footer-inner a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink)}.blog-head{gap:10px;margin-bottom:28px;display:grid}.blog-head h1{letter-spacing:-.035em;font-size:clamp(2.25rem,5vw,3.25rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1}.blog-head p{color:var(--ink-2);max-width:52ch;font-size:1.0625rem}.chips{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-bottom:32px;display:flex}.chip{border:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--porcelain);min-height:36px;color:var(--ink-2);transition:border-color var(--dur), background var(--dur);border-radius:999px;align-items:center;padding-inline:14px;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;display:inline-flex}.chip:hover{border-color:var(--field-border-hover);color:var(--ink)}.chip.active{border-color:var(--blue-border);background:var(--blue-soft);color:var(--blue-ink)}.post-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(min(100%,320px),1fr));gap:24px;display:grid}.post-card-link{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:var(--radius-sheet);background:var(--porcelain);height:100%;transition:border-color var(--dur) var(--ease-out), box-shadow var(--dur) var(--ease-out);flex-direction:column;display:flex;overflow:hidden}.post-card-link:hover{border-color:var(--field-border);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lift)}.post-card-media{aspect-ratio:16/9;background:var(--sky);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.post-card-media img{object-fit:cover;width:100%;height:100%}.post-card-body{flex-direction:column;flex:1;gap:8px;padding:18px 20px 20px;display:flex}.post-card-body :is(h2,h3){letter-spacing:-.01em;font-size:1.1875rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3}.excerpt{color:var(--ink-2);-webkit-line-clamp:3;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;font-size:.9375rem;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.eyebrow{color:var(--blue-ink);flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;display:flex}.meta{color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:4px 16px;margin-top:auto;padding-top:8px;font-size:.8125rem;display:flex}.read-more{color:var(--blue-ink);margin-inline-start:auto;font-weight:600}.empty,.page-state p{color:var(--muted)}.pager{color:var(--muted);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;margin-top:40px;font-size:.875rem;display:flex}.pager a,.button{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:var(--radius-control);min-height:40px;color:var(--ink);align-items:center;padding-inline:16px;font-weight:500;display:inline-flex}.pager a:hover{background:var(--tint)}.button{background:var(--go);border-color:var(--go);color:var(--on-go)}.button:hover{background:var(--go-hover)}.page-state{justify-items:start;gap:12px;max-width:640px;display:grid}.post{max-width:calc(760px + 2 * var(--gutter))}.back-link{color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:28px;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;display:inline-block}.back-link:hover{color:var(--blue-ink)}[dir=rtl] .back-link{unicode-bidi:plaintext}.draft-note{border-radius:var(--radius-control);color:#7a5200;background:#fff8e6;border:1px solid #f4d58a;margin-bottom:20px;padding:10px 14px;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500}.post-head{gap:14px;margin-bottom:32px;display:grid}.post-head h1{letter-spacing:-.03em;font-size:clamp(2rem,4.6vw,2.875rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1.08}.lede{color:var(--ink-2);font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.5}.post-head .meta{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;font-size:.875rem}.post-hero{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:var(--radius-sheet);margin:0 0 40px;overflow:hidden}.post-hero img{width:100%}.prose{color:var(--ink);font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.75}.prose>*+*{margin-top:1.1em}.prose h2{margin-top:2em;font-size:1.625rem}.prose h3{margin-top:1.6em;font-size:1.25rem}.prose h4{margin:1.4em 0 0;font-size:1.0625rem}.prose a{color:var(--blue-ink);text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.prose ul,.prose ol{padding-inline-start:1.4em}.prose ul{list-style:outside}.prose ol{list-style:decimal}.prose li+li{margin-top:.4em}.prose li::marker{color:var(--muted)}.prose blockquote{border-inline-start:3px solid var(--blue-border);color:var(--ink-2);margin-inline:0;padding-inline-start:18px}.prose code{background:var(--tint);border-radius:5px;padding:.1em .35em;font-size:.9em}.prose pre{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--porcelain-quiet);padding:16px;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.6;overflow-x:auto}.prose pre code{background:0 0;padding:0}.prose img{border-radius:var(--radius-control);border:1px solid var(--rule)}.prose hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin-block:2.2em}.prose table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:.9375rem}.prose th,.prose td{border:1px solid var(--rule);text-align:start;padding:8px 10px}@media (max-width:40rem){.page{padding-block:28px 56px}.header-inner{gap:12px}.brand img{width:116px}.tagline,.header-nav{display:none}.lang-switch{margin-inline-start:auto}.prose{font-size:1rem}}